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By Swapnanil Barua

Dance is one of the most expressive and spiritual forms of human creativity. Across cultures and civilizations, it has served as a medium of storytelling, celebration, and devotion. In Indian classical dance, what distinguishes the performance most remarkably is the use of hand gestures, or mudras. These intricate movements are not merely aesthetic embellishments; they are the very language through which dancers communicate. To fully appreciate their significance, we must first understand the spiritual and cultural backdrop that shaped Indian dance—especially the philosophy of Vaishnavism. What follows are not the words of a scholar, but of an ardent dance lover who sees in every movement a story, in every gesture a prayer.

Assam, like Manipur and Kerala, is essentially a Vaishnavite state. The cultural and spiritual fabric of Assam is richly woven with threads of devotion, sustained by over one lakh Namghars (community prayer halls) and nearly eight hundred Sattras (Vaishnavite institutions). These centers of worship and art are not just places of prayer—they are living institutions where music, literature, drama, and dance converge to serve a single divine purpose: bhakti (devotion). The soul of this ecosystem is the Eka Sarana Nama Dharma, preached by Srimanta Sankaradeva. To be true to the spirit of the Sattriya dance form, every practitioner must subscribe to this philosophy. For only then can the dancer’s art align with its ultimate purpose—Bhakti (devotional love) and Muktisadhakam (the pursuit of spiritual liberation).

Vaishnavism is a major tradition within Hinduism that centers around the worship of Lord Vishnu and his incarnations—most notably Rama and Krishna. Over the centuries, several theological schools of Vaishnavism emerged, each contributing uniquely to religious, philosophical, and artistic life. These include Sri Vaishnavism, founded by Ramanujacharya, which emphasizes Vishnu’s grace mediated by Goddess Lakshmi; the Madhva Sampradaya, led by Madhvacharya, which stresses dualism between the soul and God; Gaudiya Vaishnavism of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, promoting ecstatic devotion to Radha and Krishna; Vallabhacharya’s Pushti Marg, which revolves around child Krishna in his most loving form; and the Nimbarka Sampradaya, which offers a dualistic-nondualistic interpretation of Radha-Krishna worship. These traditions have enriched Indian aesthetics, including music and dance, by embedding deep spiritual meaning into each artistic expression.

In Assam, Vaishnavism took on a profoundly unique and culturally transformative form through the contributions of Srimanta Sankaradeva. Born in 1449, he was not only a religious reformer but also a cultural visionary who wove devotion into the very fabric of Assamese art and society. He introduced Eka Sarana Nama Dharma, a monotheistic devotional tradition that emphasized surrender to Lord Krishna, community over caste, and devotion over ritual. Through his innovations in literature, music, theater, and dance, Srimanta Sankaradeva brought spirituality closer to the masses.

Among his many creations, the Ankia Naat (devotional one-act plays) and Borgeet (classical devotional songs) stand out for their deep spiritual content and artistic brilliance. But perhaps his most enduring legacy in the realm of performance art is the Sattriya dance. Developed and practiced within Vaishnavite monasteries called sattras, Sattriya dance is a blend of grace, devotion, and spiritual storytelling. In 2000, it was recognized as one of the eight classical dance forms of India. In Sattriya, hand gestures are not just communicative tools—they are acts of devotion. Every mudra is a prayer, every movement an offering.

Across all Indian classical dance traditions, mudras play a central role. Codified in ancient treatises like the Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni and the Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikeshwara, hand gestures are used to express actions, emotions, symbols, and spiritual concepts. These gestures are divided into single-hand (Asamyuta) and double-hand (Samyuta) categories, each with specific meanings. For instance, the Pataka mudra can symbolize a flag, the heavens, or even a denial, while Anjali represents greeting or offering. Yet these gestures are not bound to literal meanings; in the hands of a skilled dancer, they evoke entire mythologies and complex emotional states.

One of the most important yet lesser-known treatises that focuses exclusively on the use of hand gestures is the Sri Hastamuktawali, attributed to Subhankara. This Sanskrit text serves as both a technical guide and a philosophical resource for dancers. It extends the vocabulary of hand gestures beyond those found in the Natya Shastra, offering a wider range of expressive tools. The Sri Hastamuktawali doesn’t merely categorize gestures—it offers a spiritual framework that connects the movement of the hand with the movement of the soul. This work is especially significant in preserving the purity and diversity of mudras across generations, providing dancers with a bridge between ancient wisdom and contemporary performance.

Hand gestures serve multiple purposes in Indian dance. They act as narrative devices that help portray characters and stories from the epics like the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavata Purana. They symbolize abstract concepts such as divinity, nature, or cosmic forces. They deepen emotional expression, bringing to life the nine rasas—love, heroism, wonder, laughter, anger, fear, disgust, peace, and compassion. They also serve a ritualistic function, transforming performance into a sacred offering. Finally, they enhance aesthetic experience, bringing grace and structure to the choreography.

Each classical dance form—be it Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, or Sattriya—relies heavily on mudras. In Bharatanatyam, gestures help depict devotional themes and mythological narratives. In Kathak, they blend with footwork and facial expression to bring Krishna’s playful stories to life. Odissi uses mudras both in invocations and expressive storytelling. Kathakali’s visual language is almost entirely dependent on hand gestures and facial expressions. Mohiniyattam’s gentle sway and Manipuri’s spiritual subtlety are anchored in delicate yet meaningful mudras. In Kuchipudi, hand gestures combine with dramatic dialogue to create vibrant theatrical storytelling.

Among these, Sattriya holds a special place due to its deeply devotional core. The mudras in Sattriya are not only informed by classical treatises but are also shaped by local context, language, and the bhakti tradition of Assam. They depict scenes from Krishna’s life, convey philosophical ideas, and serve as acts of devotion within a structured yet fluid framework. The dancer becomes both narrator and devotee, offering each gesture as an expression of surrender and love.

Indian classical dance is not just a performance—it is an offering, a discipline, a meditation. At its heart are the hand gestures that allow the dancer to transcend language and speak directly to the soul. The Sri Hastamuktawali preserves this sacred grammar, reminding us that each mudra is more than a symbol—it is a spiritual act. From the sacred halls of the sattra to the grand stages of temples and theaters, these gestures carry the wisdom, faith, and beauty of generations.

They are not just movements—they are memories, prayers, and poetry in motion. And as a humble lover of dance, I bow to every hand that tells a story, and every gesture that touches the soul.

[Lecture delivered in Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya on 28th May 2025]

by Rupam Kumar Boro

Srimanta Sankaradeva being a pivotal figure is actually divided into the polarity of intellectual and common people. The intellectual is immersed in bringing out a new paradigm of his works, and the common people are subjected to the influence of ‘Kirttan Ghoxa’.

We are bound to cite such remarks after going through the crucial book Sankaradeva Adhyayanat Bixangati by Dr Sanjib Kr. Borkakoti (Pragya Mediahype, 2024). The first publication dates back to the year 2005. After a gap of about two decades, its second publication came out in 2024. Surprisingly, the article cherishes its dignity not only from the perspective of time period and relevance but also the challenges it throws upon the readers. The book exposes the falsification and various baffling statements associated with the life and philosophy of Gurujana. ... more

By Dr Dayananda Pathak

Srimanta Sankaradeva, the poet-playwright and social engineer of legendary height, from 15-16 century Assam, overstepped the regional and national frontiers for his human concerns and the glorification of an individual`s latent creativities. Although he is associated with Vaishnavism, he was essentially above all these religious identities in terms of strait-jacket exclusivities. Vaishnavism as a religious principle and practice started long before Srimanta Sankaradeva was born. Every principle has to be readjusted and rejuvenated to suit to local situations. For that we need not add a separate appellation for old ideas and their practical applications. A saint cannot be a local or national identity. He is born for the greatness and glorification of human beings erasing the entire national and sub-national frontiers. It is not the physical man, but the ideas that matter most in human civilization. The idea has to be humanity-centric for the acceleration of civilization. For that we need great thinkers, great ideologues and saintly messengers for peace and creativity, latent within every individual. ... more

by Dr Milan Neog

When we discuss about the medieval Bhakti movement, names like Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Dadu, Tukaram, Narasimha Mehta etc. often come to mind. In the same breath, we must also remember and honour Srimanta Sankaradeva, an extraordinary figure whose contributions were equally profound. He is considered the greatest talent of all time in Assamese socio-cultural life. Assamese literary tradition began in the 10th century CE with the composition of the Buddhist Charyagita. In the 14th century CE, Madhava Kandali, who was born before Srimanta Sankaradeva, translated the Ramayana into Assamese, making it the first translation of the epic into any modern Indo Aryan languages. ... more

by Dr Ananya Barua

Śrimanta Śankaradeva and Hazrat Ājān Pir Fakir breathed new life into the vulnerable religion frontline emulating from the mutual milieu of the chronicled past. Streamlining the practiced observations, added with the inclusion of the local dialect to paraphrase the revered texts, paved the way for bringing in the much-celebrated Bhakti movement in Assam, India. Both these religious reformers constructed new kinds of meaning as the horizon of the text or the tradition, which they sought to creatively re-interpret, creating new literary canons and poetics to legitimize the emergence of new literary genres.... more

by Dr Sangita Bora

The philosophy of Srimanta Sankaradeva was pro–human. He developed such sense of religious order which is very simple and cushy. His religious order is known as “Nama Dharma”. His religion is the combination of humanity and spirituality.  He projected humanity in every phase of his life. Equality, fraternity, impartiality, positivity, kindness, are some of the basic pillars of his humanistic approach. He built such a structure of society where he made all kinds of arrangement for assimilation of people irrespective of their caste, creed and religion. He tried to eradicate social evils like caste system by assembling people together through Bhakti cult. ... more

by Rupam Kumar Boro

Hagiography is a treasure-trove of moral values and a correct path of leading one’s life, among others, as shown by the saints themselves. Saints occupy a prominent place of worship and is treated as an incarnation of God. When the lives of the saints are penned down in the form of the above genre, the devotees as well as the admirers tune in with the words inscribed on it.

The chief aspect in a hagiography is the element of unquestioning factor. Astounding events and miracles form one of the constituents of this genre. Hagiographers are often direct devotee or disciple. This world of spirituality is an access to enlightening journey for someone while someone may be a doubting Thomas.... more

by Krishnasarana Bhakat (Edgar Faingor)

I am originally from Moscow, Russia, born in a non-religious family. From my early teenage years I was interested in spirituality, as I had pressing questions regarding the nature of our being, and the meaning of life. As Russia is historically and predominantly a Christian country, naturally at first I was exploring Christianity, and joined a course in a Catholic Church. Later on, I felt the need to study other spiritual paths, and therefore engaged in long-term studies of Hinduism and then Buddhism. While still in Moscow, I became interested in the teachings of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and  Vedanta, and visited the Hare Krishna temple as well as Ramakrishna Mission centre.... more

                                    प्रो. वीरेन्द्र कुमार अलंकारः, संस्कृत विभाग, पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय, चण्डीगढ

नाट्यकृद् भक्तिविल्लोकसंस्कारकृत्

गीतसंगीतकाव्येष्वधीती  सुधीः।

धर्मविद्   भेदभिन्नृत्यकृद्   गायकः

देवदेवो हृदा स्तूयते शङ्करः।।१।।

लेभे  यो  वै  जनुः  श्रीप्रसिद्धेऽसमे

घोरकालेऽपि यो भास्वरो भायुतः।

मेने  ह्येकं  हि  धर्मं  सदा  जीवने  ... more

SPIRITUAL HUMANIST SRIMANTA SANKARADEVA

by Dr Sanjib Kumar Borkakoti

Dear friends from North America, I am highly priviledged to address you today on the life and works of Srimanta Sankaradeva, especially how he was a spiritual humanist. I am grateful to Naamghar Association of America for this great opportunity. The members of this Association deserve accolades for their sincerity in preserving and spreading the legacy of Srimanta Sankaradeva in foreign shore. Discussion about the saint is very scanty. Naamghar Association of America has done a commendable job by organising this dialogue. ... more

by Dr Sanjib Kumar Borkakoti

The Thân or Sattrainstitution is a living heritage bequeathed to the posterity by Srimanta Sankaradeva (1449 AD - 1568 AD). Unlike most heritages, which are long dead, the Thân or Sattrainstitution continues to be a vibrant one. Earlier, it was known only as Thân. Later on the name Sattra also came to be used. The religious order Eka Sarana Nâma Dharma of Srimanta Sankaradeva sustained itself for more than five centuries on the strength of the Thân or Sattra. ... more